Abraham Nussbaum

Physician, Teacher, Writer


Twice As Hard, Jasmine Brown

Professionalization includes and excludes. The doors to the house of medicine for Black physicians, especially Black women, were barred during the Progressive Era. Remarkably, a few pioneers made their way to the bedside of patients despite many obstacles. Brown builds each chapter around the story of one of these pioneers. It’s a service to see these stories brought together into a single book. It’s necessary because it’s still the case that we lose natural attorneys at every step of a Black physician’s journey– 8.4 % of medical school applicants, 7.1% of medical school acceptees, 6.2% of medical school graduates, 5% of all practicing physicians, and only 3.6% of full-time medical school faculty– identify as Black. A quibble: can the systems built on exclusion and inclusion ever commit itself to natural attorneys?